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Preserve tables during document ingestion
A table cell rarely stands alone. The value manager may mean an approval level only when paired with a distance band and travel mode. Flattening cells without headers can create a convincing but unsupported answer.
Prevent a retrieved document from authorizing tool use
A document can contain “send this file” or “approve this transaction.” Retrieval makes that text relevant; it does not make it an authenticated instruction.
Prevent duplicate text leakage across data splits
Copied tickets, quoted email threads, template replies and minor punctuation edits can cross text partitions. A model then appears to generalize while recognizing nearly identical content. Split by source or conversation
Prevent evaluation leakage during prompt iteration
Every time a developer reads a failing holdout row and changes the prompt for that row, the holdout becomes development data. The next score may show memory of visible examples rather than better performance on unseen wo
Prior probability shift: when yesterday's probabilities mislead
Prior probability shift means the class prevalence changes while the feature distribution within each class stays the same. A model can retain similar ranking under that restricted shift while its old probability scale b
Privacy-aware text preprocessing for a portfolio dataset
Text can contain names, contact details, identifiers and sensitive free-form disclosures. A public portfolio should use original synthetic or properly governed data. Pattern redaction is one control, not permission to pu
Probability distributions: choose a model for the data-generating process
Choose a probability distribution by asking what outcome is measured, how observations arise and which assumptions are plausible. A histogram's shape is useful evidence, but it does not by itself identify the process tha
Procurement spend analysis with inconsistent vendor names
Vendor-name cleanup is not the same as vendor identity resolution. Two spellings may refer to the same supplier, while two very similar names may belong to different legal entities. A spend analysis should merge records
Profile null patterns across customer segments
Report missing-value counts and rates by relevant segment, retaining the segment size and any unknown-segment group. A global missing rate can hide concentration in one source or customer population.
Prompt injection versus an ordinary user instruction
Applications need user instructions; treating every imperative sentence as an attack makes the product unusable. Prompt injection is about trust and authority: untrusted content attempts to redirect the system, disclose
Prompt instructions versus retrieved evidence
Retrieved documents contain data for the task. They do not gain authority to change the application’s rules. A policy paragraph may legitimately say “refunds require a receipt” and maliciously include “ignore the system
Protect secrets and personal data during ingestion
Once sensitive text is chunked, embedded, logged and copied into evaluation files, deletion becomes harder. Apply data minimization and access policy before derived artifacts multiply.
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